Adding features to our bouncing balls demo

To get this assessment started, make a local copy of index-finished.html, style.css, and main-finished.js from our last article in a new directory in your local computer.

Alternatively, you could use an online editor such as CodePen, JSFiddle, or Glitch. You could paste the HTML, CSS and JavaScript into one of these online editors. If the online editor you are using doesn't have a separate JavaScript panel, feel free to put it inline in a <script> element inside the HTML page.

A couple of pointers before you get started.

• This assessment is quite challenging. Read the whole assessment before you start coding, and take each step slowly and carefully.
• It might be a good idea to save a separate copy of the demo after you get each stage working, so you can refer back to it if you find yourself in trouble later on.

Our bouncy ball demo is fun, but now we want to make it a little bit more interactive by adding a user-controlled evil circle, which will eat the balls if it catches them. We also want to test your object-building skills by creating a generic Shape() object that our balls and evil circle can inherit from. Finally, we want to add a score counter to track the number of balls left to capture.

The following screenshot gives you an idea of what the finished program should look like:

To give you more of an idea, have a look at the finished example (no peeking at the source code!)

The following sections describe what you need to do.

First of all, create a new Shape class. This has only a constructor. The Shape constructor should define the x, y, velX, and velY properties in the same way as the Ball() constructor did originally, but not the color and size properties.

The Ball class should be made to derive from Shape using extends. The constructor for Ball should:

• take the same arguments as before: x, y, velX, velY, size, and color
• call the Shape constructor using super(), passing in the x, y, velX, and velY arguments
• initialize its own color and size properties from the parameters it is given.

The Ball constructor should define a new property called exists, which is used to track whether the balls exist in the program (have not been eaten by the evil circle). This should be a boolean (true/false), initialized to true in the constructor.

The collisionDetect() method of the Ball class needs a small update. A ball needs to be considered for collision detection only if the exists property is true. So, replace the existing collisionDetect() code with the following code:

collisionDetect() {
  for (const ball of balls) {
    if (!(this === ball) && ball.exists) {
      const dx = this.x - ball.x;
      const dy = this.y - ball.y;
      const distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

      if (distance < this.size + ball.size) {
        ball.color = this.color = randomRGB();
      }
    }
  }
}

As discussed above, the only addition is to check if the ball exists — by using ball.exists in the if conditional.

The ball draw() and update() method definitions should be able to stay exactly the same as they were before.

At this point, try reloading the code — it should work just the same as it did before, with our redesigned objects.

Now it's time to meet the bad guy — the EvilCircle()! Our game is only going to involve one evil circle, but we are still going to define it using a constructor that inherits from Shape(), to give you some practice. You might want to add another circle to the app later on that can be controlled by another player, or have several computer-controlled evil circles. You're probably not going to take over the world with a single evil circle, but it will do for this assessment.

Create a definition for an EvilCircle class. It should inherit from Shape using extends.

EvilCircle constructor

The constructor for EvilCircle should:

• be passed just x, y arguments
• pass the x, y arguments up to the Shape superclass along with values for velX and velY hardcoded to 20. You should do this with code like super(x, y, 20, 20);
• set color to white and size to 10.

Finally, the constructor should set up the code enabling the user to move the evil circle around the screen:

window.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
  switch (e.key) {
    case "a":
      this.x -= this.velX;
      break;
    case "d":
      this.x += this.velX;
      break;
    case "w":
      this.y -= this.velY;
      break;
    case "s":
      this.y += this.velY;
      break;
  }
});

This adds a keydown event listener to the window object so that when a key is pressed, the event object's key property is consulted to see which key is pressed. If it is one of the four specified keys, then the evil circle will move left/right/up/down.

The EvilCircle class should have three methods, as described below.

draw()

This method has the same purpose as the draw() method for Ball: it draws the object instance on the canvas. The draw() method for EvilCircle will work in a very similar way, so you can start by copying the draw() method for Ball. You should then make the following changes:

• We want the evil circle to not be filled in, but rather just have an outer line (stroke). You can achieve this by updating fillStyle and fill() to strokeStyle and stroke() respectively.
• We also want to make the stroke a bit thicker, so you can see the evil circle a bit more easily. This can be achieved by setting a value for lineWidth somewhere after the beginPath() call (3 will do).

checkBounds()

This method will do the same thing as the first part of the update() method for Ball — look to see whether the evil circle is going to go off the edge of the screen, and stop it from doing so. Again, you can mostly just copy the update() method for Ball, but there are a few changes you should make:

• Get rid of the last two lines — we don't want to automatically update the evil circle's position on every frame, because we will be moving it in some other way, as you'll see below.
• Inside the if () statements, if the tests return true we don't want to update velX/velY; we want to instead change the value of x/y so the evil circle is bounced back onto the screen slightly. Adding or subtracting (as appropriate) the evil circle's size property would make sense.

collisionDetect()

This method will act in a very similar way to the collisionDetect() method for Ball method, so you can use a copy of that as the basis of this new method. But there are a couple of differences:

• In the outer if statement, you no longer need to check whether the current ball in the iteration is the same as the ball that is doing the checking — because it is no longer a ball, it is the evil circle! Instead, you need to do a test to see if the ball being checked exists (with which property could you do this with?). If it doesn't exist, it has already been eaten by the evil circle, so there is no need to check it again.
• In the inner if statement, you no longer want to make the objects change color when a collision is detected — instead, you want to set any balls that collide with the evil circle to not exist any more (again, how do you think you'd do that?).

Now we've defined the evil circle, we need to actually make it appear in our scene. To do this, you need to make some changes to the loop() function.

• First of all, create a new evil circle object instance (specifying the necessary parameters). You only need to do this once, not on every iteration of the loop.
• At the point where you loop through every ball and call the draw(), update(), and collisionDetect() functions for each one, make it so that these functions are only called if the current ball exists.
• Call the evil circle instance's draw(), checkBounds(), and collisionDetect() methods on every iteration of the loop.

To implement the score counter, follow the following steps:

1. In your HTML file, add a <p> element just below the h1 element containing the text "Ball count: ".
2. In your CSS file, add the following rule at the bottom:
   css

   p {
     position: absolute;
     margin: 0;
     top: 35px;
     right: 5px;
     color: #aaa;
   }
   

3. In your JavaScript, make the following updates:
   • Create a variable that stores a reference to the paragraph.
   • Keep a count of the number of balls on screen in some way.
   • Increment the count and display the updated number of balls each time a ball is added to the scene.
   • Decrement the count and display the updated number of balls each time the evil circle eats a ball (causes it not to exist).

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